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斯宾诺莎（Benedictus de Spinoza，1632—1677），荷兰哲学家。生于荷兰阿姆斯将丹的一个犹太商人家庭，早年就读于法国古典语学者安顿办的学校，通过对宗教典籍、犹太思想家和笛卡尔著作的研究，他逐渐与正统神学发生分歧，被犹太人公会永远革除教籍，并且报告市政当局。斯宾诺莎只得搬到阿姆斯特丹南边的一个村庄暂住，靠磨制光学镜片维持生活。由于磨镜片的玻璃沫感染了他的肺，年仅44岁就因肺病...
Spinoza's Intermediate Ethics For Society And The Family
Spinoza's Intermediate Ethics Society
2009/12/3
Spinoza envisioned the philosophic life, which was also the consummate ethical life,
as aiming at the liberation from all forms of oppression and, particularly, internalized
oppression. He termed th...
taught my first philosophy classes in the autumn of 1952, at Northwestern University. In those days, an instructor was expected to teach three or four courses a quarter, and thus in the space of a yea...